Interplanetary spacecraft

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a modular, human-crewed interplanetary spacecraft that is assembled in cislunar space. It is primarily comprised of a hollowed-out asteroid; five expandable habitation modules, one of which is expanded inside the asteroid cavity; two docking and airlock nodes; two landing craft suitable for exploring celestial bodies; structural support members; truss structures; robotic arms; a propulsion module; and shielding curtains that are filled with pulverized asteroidal material and attached to the truss structure. This configuration provides substantial radiation and meteoroid shielding. Upon completion of their mission, the crew will use the robotic arms to disconnect and mate (1) the asteroid containing the control module, (2) the forward docking and airlock node, and (3) the propulsion module. This crew-return vehicle will return to cislunar space. The remaining expandable modules with trusses, robotic arms, and landing craft will remain in the destination orbit to serve as a space station for future missions.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

None.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED R&D

No government rights: the owner/inventor received no government funding or in-kind government support during the process of conceiving this invention.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to human-crewed spacecraft, and more specifically to a modular interplanetary spacecraft that is assembled in space, and includes the use of asteroidal materials for radiation shielding.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The concept of inflatable space structures has been studied and developed over a period of many years. Early inflatable space structure concepts include U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,508 to Taylor, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,999 to Mullen. NASA personnel subsequently patented the inflatable Transhab concept in U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,010 to Schneider, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,189 to Raboin.

NASA later licensed the Transhab technologies to Bigelow Aerospace. Company founder Robert Bigelow added to the NASA designs in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,899,301, 6,962,310, 8,366,051, 8,578,663, and 9,327,848. Another NASA patent, U.S. Pat. No. 7,509,774, details a method for incorporating portholes in the inflatable spacecraft without compromising structural integrity.

In recent years, Bigelow Aerospace has demonstrated expandable space structures with soft-shell exteriors made of generally pliable and flexible material (note that Bigelow Aerospace now refers to its modules as “expandable” rather than “inflatable)”. These structures do not require human assembly; they launch collapsed and expand after they reach orbit. Two separately-launched Bigelow expandable modules are currently in low-Earth orbit that did not require human assembly after launch—Genesis I and Genesis II.

The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (“BEAM”) is an experimental expandable space station module developed by Bigelow Aerospace, under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the International Space Station (“ISS”) from 2016 to 2018. The BEAM module arrived at the ISS on Apr. 10, 2016, was berthed to the station on April 16, and was expanded and pressurized on May 28, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module accessed May 24, 2017.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,469,864 to Bigelow describes a method of assembling a habitable structure comprised of a plurality of expandable structures, connecting nodes, busses, and landing pads that are assembled in orbit, and subsequently landed on the surface of an extraterrestrial mass such as the Moon. This structure can be assembled robotically.

Charles Bombardier of Imaginactive, a Canadian nonprofit organization, has publicly disclosed a spacecraft that is comprised of expandable Bigelow modules mated together. The artist's conception of the spacecraft includes one robotic arm, although the use for that robotic arm has not been publicly disclosed. Mr. Bombardier's spacecraft concept, as publicly disclosed, does not include use of asteroidal materials for radiation shielding, and does not contemplate the separation and reconnection of spacecraft modular elements as part of spacecraft mission operations. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4152650/Radical-spacecraft-concept-ferry-people-MOON.html accessed May 24, 2017.

Bigelow Aerospace is in the process of developing the B330 module, which is substantially larger than Genesis II. Each Bigelow B330 habitation module includes life support systems and thermal system radiators. http://bigelowaerospace.com/b330/accessed May 24, 2017

The Bigelow Aerospace website says that “The [Bigelow B330] module provides radiation protection equivalent to or better than existing International Space Station modules” http://bigelowaerospace.com/b330/ accessed May 24, 2017. Such protection, however, will not be adequate in the much harsher radiation environment that lies outside of the Earth's magnetosphere.

On long-duration interplanetary missions, much more robust radiation shielding will be required in order to avoid excessively adverse health consequences to the crew. A recent article in the journal Scientific Reports sets forth a NASA rodent study's finding “that the radiation [equivalent to a six-month one-way trip to Mars] caused significant long-term brain damage, including cognitive impairments and dementia, a result of brain inflammation and damage to the rodents' neurons” On a Long Trip to Mars, Cosmic Radiation May Damage Astronauts' Brains, http://www.livescience.com/56449-cosmic-radiation-may-damage-brains.html accessed May 24, 2017; Risk of Acute and Late Central Nervous System Effects from Radiation Exposure https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/CNS.pdf accessed May 24, 2017. Thus, a mission to Mars utilizing current shielding methods would result in long-term brain and central nervous system damage that would adversely affect the crew's ability to make decisions, thereby threatening the safety and success of the mission.

An earlier study in Scientific Reports found that “Astronauts who never flew, or who flew in low-Earth orbit, had much lower rates of death from heart disease than the Apollo astronauts.” The study concluded “These data suggest that human travel into deep space may be more hazardous to cardiovascular health than previously estimated” Space Radiation Took a Toll on Apollo Astronauts, Study Says http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/07/29/space-radiation-took-toll-on-apollo-astronauts-study-says.html; Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Other Degenerative Tissue Effects from Radiation Exposure https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/Degen.pdf accessed May 24, 2017.

The Wikipedia entry “Spaceflight Radiation Carcinogenesis” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight_radiation_carcinogenesis accessed May 24, 2017) summarizes other studies over a long period of time that have documented higher rates of cancer among astronauts who travel in deep space.

-   -   One of the main roadblocks to interplanetary travel is the risk         of cancer caused by radiation exposure. The largest contributors         to this roadblock are: (1) The large uncertainties associated         with cancer risk estimates, (2) The unavailability of simple and         effective countermeasures and (3) The inability to determine the         effectiveness of countermeasures.     -   Operational parameters that need to be optimized to help         mitigate these risks include:         -   length of space missions         -   crew age         -   crew gender         -   shielding         -   biological countermeasures

Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis

https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/Cancer.pdf accessed May 24, 2017_(emphasis added).

In a press release dated Jun. 5, 2017, the University of Nevada Las Vegas announced that “The cancer risk for a human mission to Mars has effectively doubled following a UNLV study predicting a dramatic increase in the disease for astronauts traveling to the red planet or on long-term missions outside the protection of Earth's magnetic field. The findings appeared in the May issue of Scientific Reports and were presented by UNLV scientist Francis Cucinotta, a leading scholar on radiation and space physics.

. . . Exploring Mars will require missions of 900 days or longer and includes more than one year in deep space where exposures to all energies of galactic cosmic ray heavy ions are unavoidable,” Cucinotta explained. “Current levels of radiation shielding would at best, modestly decrease the exposure risks. . . . Galactic cosmic ray exposure can devastate a cell's nucleus and cause mutations that can result in cancers,” Cucinotta explained. “We learned the damaged cells send signals to the surrounding, unaffected cells and likely modify the tissues' microenvironments. Those signals seem to inspire the healthy cells to mutate, thereby causing additional tumors or cancers.” https://www.unlv.edu/news/release/study-significant-collateral-damage-cosmic-rays-increases-cancer-risks-mars-astronauts accessed Jun. 25, 2017 (emphasis added).

Another risk posed by an interplanetary mission is the possibility of a meteoroid impact that would damage the spacecraft. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/camera-on-nasas-lunar-orbiter-survived-2014-meteoroid-hit accessed May 28, 2017. The probability of such an impact is higher on long-term interplanetary missions.

“The utilization of natural resources from asteroids is an idea that is older than the Space Age. The technologies are now available to transform this endeavor from an idea into reality. The [NASA] Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) is a mission concept which includes the goal of robotically returning a small Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) or a multi-ton boulder from a large NEA to cislunar space in the mid-2020s using an advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) vehicle and currently available technologies. The paradigm shift enabled by the ARM concept would allow in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) to be used at the human [deep-space] mission departure location (i.e., cislunar space) versus exclusively at the deep-space mission destination. This approach drastically reduces the barriers associated with utilizing ISRU for human deep-space missions.” Asteroid Redirect Mission concept: A Bold Approach for Utilizing Space Resources http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576515002635 accessed May 24, 2017. As of the date this application is submitted, NASA does not plan on proceeding with the Asteroid Redirect Mission. Nonetheless, commercial development of the capability to capture and maneuver asteroids, and to process materials from an asteroid in situ are very desirable and useful capabilities that the United States should encourage.

The company Made in Space received a 2016 Phase I NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) award for Project RAMA, a proposal to mine asteroids and use additive manufacturing to create spacecraft systems from the asteroidal materials. This proposal would use the asteroid as an autonomous spacecraft. It does not mention any human crews, does not include any spacecraft elements launched from Earth, and is not modular. Made In Space says the technology and infrastructure could be in place in 20-30 years. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/reconstituting-asteroids-into-mechanical-automata

The idea of using a hollowed-out asteroid as a spacecraft has appeared in a number of science fiction novels, including, among others, Eon by Greg Bear and Rite of Passage by Alexei Panshin. However, these fictional spacecraft are city-sized, and the bodies of the spacecraft are solely comprised of an asteroid, rather than incorporating an asteroid into a vehicle comprised of other elements in addition to the asteroid. Also, asteroids were not used in these stories for the specific purpose of providing radiation shielding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroids_in_fiction; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_(novel); https://web.archive.ora/web/20070929123231/http://www.adherents.com/lit/bk_Pans_RiteOfPassage.html accessed May 24, 2017.

No prior patents or patent applications known to the inventor propose the use of a hollowed-out asteroid and pulverized asteroidal materials as a method of radiation and meteoroid shielding that is incorporated into a spacecraft to protect human occupants.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,210,481 to Kinstler describes a magnetic field generator composed of superconducting material that can shield a spacecraft and its human occupants from radiation. This concept also includes shielding to protect electronic components from the magnetic field. U.S. Pat. No. 8,550,406 to Bigelow describes a similar magnetic shield. The Technology Readiness Level of these concepts is unknown. The amount of power required to generate these magnetic fields, and the effectiveness of their shielding are also unknown. This shielding method would not provide protection from meteoroid impacts.

The ISS is a structure in low-Earth orbit that is comprised of a plurality of human-inhabited modules and other structures (e.g. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/179225main_ISS_Poster_Back.pdf accessed May 24, 2017) that include, among other things, solar arrays, thermal radiators, an ammonia cooling system, docking nodes, an Integrated Truss Structure (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html#.WERkdKL_rhY, accessed May 24, 2017), the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) known as Canadarm2 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,388 to Gossain) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/mss.html accessed May 24, 2017), the Mobile Transporter Cart (U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,767 to Wesselski), which hosts the Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (MBS) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,685,535 to Bush), and the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM, also known as Dextre) (e.g. http://robotics.estec.esa.int/i-SAIRAS/isairas1999/s02-02.pdf accessed May 24, 2017).

The SSRMS can move along rails on the Integrated Truss Structure on top of the US—provided Mobile Transporter cart, which hosts the MRS Base System. Both ends of the SSRMS arm can attach to power/video/data “grapple fixtures” that are located at various points on the ISS trusses (U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,011 to Vandersluis). Unpowered “Flight-Releasable Grapple Fixtures” (FRGFs) can be attached to payloads that will be delivered to the ISS, so that they can be captured and maneuvered by the SSRMS when the payload arrives at the station. The following video illustrates the operation of the SSRMS and Dextre utilizing grapple fixtures: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v-qF9IysSGg2U accessed May 24, 2017.

In 2011, Boeing's Deputy ISS Manager, Michael Raftery, proposed using the ISS as “a testbed for new technology, as an analog for interplanetary vehicles, or as a ‘base camp’ for exploratory vehicles.” “This base camp would effectively be a detached module of the ISS which would either be built in LEO and transferred to an Earth-Moon libration point, or launched directly to that destination and assembled there.” (http://www.aiaahouston.org/Horizons/Page17_Horizons_2011_11_and_12.jpg accessed May 24, 2017). This concept does not include the incorporation of expandable modules in a human-transportation spacecraft, does not include the use of a hollowed-out asteroid or other asteroidal materials as radiation and meteoroid shielding, and does not propose a modular spacecraft that is designed for mechanical detachment and re-assembly of modules, utilizing robotic arms such as those used on the ISS. This proposal does not discuss the materials service-life of repurposed ISS components that have been exposed to space radiation for extended periods of time.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,780,119 to Johnson describes a modular spacecraft that would utilize technologies from a Centaur upper stage. This concept does not include the incorporation of expandable modules in a human-transportation spacecraft, does not include the use of a hollowed-out asteroid or other asteroidal materials as radiation and meteoroid shielding, and does not propose a modular spacecraft that is designed for mechanical detachment and re-assembly of modules, utilizing robotic arms such as those used on the ISS.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,374,134 to Collyer describes methods for electro-welding modular elements of a spacecraft, and for de-bonding the module welds at a later time. This concept does not include the incorporation of expandable modules in a human-transportation spacecraft, does not include the use of a hollowed-out asteroid or other asteroidal materials as radiation and meteoroid shielding, and does not propose a modular spacecraft that is designed for mechanical detachment and re-assembly of modules, utilizing robotic arms such as those used on the ISS.

In 2016, Shen Ge and Yvonne Vigue-Rodi proposed that U.S. elements of the ISS be disassembled from the ISS when the United States government ceases operations. These ISS elements would then be transported to lunar orbit or one of the Earth-Moon Lagrangian points, for assembly and re-use as a lunar space station. http://www.aiaahouston.org/Horizons/B-2.3_repurposingISS.pdf accessed May 24, 2017. This proposal does not mention the incorporation of expandable modules in a human-transportation spacecraft, does not include the use of a hollowed-out asteroid or other asteroidal materials as radiation and meteoroid shielding, and does not propose a modular spacecraft that is designed for mechanical detachment and re-assembly of modules utilizing robotic arms such as those used on the ISS. This proposal does not discuss the materials service-life of repurposed ISS components that have been exposed to space radiation for extended periods of time.

In 2016 Lockheed Martin first presented its “Mars Base Camp” concept. http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/lockheed-martin-to-propose-2028-orbiting-mars-base-camp-today accessed May 24, 2017. This spacecraft is modular, with some elements assembled in cis-lunar space, and a solar electric propulsion-powered laboratory module launched into Mars orbit prior to departure of the larger human-crewed spacecraft. The Mars Base Camp spacecraft would be comprised of two Orion capsules, a crew quarters module surrounded by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen tanks which would provide additional radiation shielding and propulsion fuel, a habitat module, a laboratory module, radiators, solar arrays, and a cryostage propulsion module. The solar electric propulsion-powered lab module would dock with the Mars Base Camp spacecraft when it arrives in Mars orbit. All elements of the spacecraft (except perhaps the solar electric propulsion-powered lab) would be launched from Earth utilizing NASA's Space Launch System. (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/ssc/mars-orion.html) This concept does not include expandable modules, does not include the use of a hollowed-out asteroid or other asteroidal materials as radiation and meteoroid shielding, does not include robotic arms, and is not designed for detachment and re-assembly of modules utilizing the robotic arms. This concept would also not leave a space station in Mars orbit, and would not have the capability of landing humans on the surface of Mars.

NASA has funded at least one study of cryogenic deep sleep, and this technology would be very valuable for a Mars mission. It would reduce the amount of food, water, oxygen, and other supplies consumed by the crew, and thereby reduce the mass of the spacecraft's cargo. On long distance missions, hibernating the crew during the trips to and from the destination would avoid any concerns about the psychological effects of being confined in a relatively small space with other people for an extended period of time. https://vanwinkles.com/latest-science-of-cryogenic-sleep-human-hibemation-for-space-travel

U.S. Pat. No. 9,567,116 to Bigelow describes a “Docking Node Transporter Tug” that can be remote-controlled wirelessly. The docking tug can dock with a Bigelow habitation module and then transport the module to a desired location utilizing the docking tug's propulsion systems. The docking tug has docking assemblies at both ends, so it can be docked with two Bigelow expandable habitation modules simultaneously. The docking tug is hollow, so the docking tug can serve as a node that humans can traverse to move from one expandable habitation module to the next. This Docking Node Transporter Tug does not include an airlock, and does not have any docking assemblies on the side of the docking tug that could accommodate celestial-body landing craft or space capsules such as the Orion capsule that NASA and Lockheed Martin are currently developing and testing.

The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter that NASA and Boeing developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS)/International Docking System Standard (IDSS). APAS-95 was developed and manufactured by Russian company RKK Energiya to join the American and Russia modules on the International Space Station (ISS), and it allowed the Space Shuttle to dock. The IDA was designed to be placed on each of the International Space Station's two open Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMA), both of which will be connected to Node-2 (Harmony module). IDA-2 was launched on SpX CRS-9 on 18 Jul. 2016. It was attached and connected to PMA-2 during a spacewalk on 19 Aug. 2016. IDA-3 is scheduled to be launched on the Dragon CRS-16 mission during summer 2018. Meet the International Docking Adapter, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Docking_Adapter and Androgynous Peripheral Attach System [APAS]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System#APAS-95 (both articles accessed Jun. 8, 2017).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the intention of this inventor to provide an interplanetary, human-crewed spacecraft that includes and builds upon existing United States civil and commercial space technologies, including without limitation expandable habitation modules, ISS technologies, and propulsion technologies. This spacecraft is comprised of a hollowed-out asteroid and other asteroidal materials, five expandable habitation modules, other spacecraft elements based upon ISS technologies, and a propulsion module that will utilize the propulsion technologies that are most appropriate for the spacecraft's missions. These propulsion methods may include, without limitation, liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen chemical propulsion, solar-electric propulsion, beamed energy, and solid-fuel rocket boosters that are jettisoned after firing.

The primary object of the present invention is to provide radiation shielding that is far more effective than other human spacecraft designs, for the purpose of protecting crew and passengers from the adverse health consequences of extended missions in harsh, deep-space and planetary radiation environments. The spacecraft utilizes a hollowed-out asteroid with exterior walls at least 2 meters thick. An expandable control module is then expanded inside the asteroid, to achieve a very high degree of radiation shielding in the control module during the journey to and from the mission destination. Channeled curtains containing pulverized asteroidal material are affixed to the trusses on each of the four sides of the spacecraft to provide radiation shielding for the expandable modules aft of the control module.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a modular spacecraft that can provide protection from meteoroid impacts. The asteroid and the channeled shielding curtains provide this protection.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a modular spacecraft that can be assembled relatively quickly. Astronaut crews will assemble the spacecraft at Earth-Moon Lagrangian point L4 or L5 (the “Staging and Assembly Area”). If a transporter tug is used to assist in docking the expandable modules, this will increase the speed of assembly.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a modular spacecraft with much lower research and development, manufacturing, and assembly costs than other interplanetary spacecraft designs. The expandable habitation modules and ISS technologies utilized in this spacecraft are proven technologies that will require little further research and development to incorporate into the spacecraft. Voluminous data is available regarding assembly and operation of these systems.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a spacecraft that is safer for astronauts, because autonomy, teleoperation, and robotic technologies can greatly reduce the number of human extravehicular activities (EVAs) that will be required to assemble and maintain the spacecraft.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a spacecraft that has unique capabilities never offered by any other interplanetary spacecraft design. After the crew and passengers complete work at their destination, the two robotic arms running on rails along the spacecraft's truss structure will grapple and detach the asteroid-enclosed control module, the forward docking and airlock node, and the propulsion module. The robotic arms will then mate the asteroid-enclosed control module, the docking and airlock node, and the propulsion module to form a Crew-Return Vehicle, as illustrated in FIG. 11.

Detachment and mating of the Crew-Return Vehicle will leave a space station in orbit at the mission destination comprised of modules #2 through #5, structural support members, trusses, a docking and airlock node, the secondary computer network, solar arrays, two Mobile Transporter Carts, and the attached Mobile Remote Servicer Base Systems (MBS), two robotic arms, two dexterous end-effectors that can be attached to the ends of the robotic arms, and two landing craft, as illustrated in FIG. 11. This space station can be used in future missions.

The crew and any passengers will return to the Staging and Assembly area in the Crew-Return Vehicle. The Crew-Return Vehicle will dock with a space capsule at the Staging and Assembly area, and the crew and passengers will return to the Earth's surface in this capsule. The Crew-Return Vehicle will remain at the Staging and Assembly area, and can be used in future missions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the hollowed-out asteroid with the expandable control module mounted inside the asteroid, in its un-expanded mode.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the hollowed-out asteroid with the expandable module in its expanded mode.

FIG. 3 is a front view of the control module sealing plate.

FIG. 4 is a top view of the hollowed-out asteroid and expandable module, with truss superstructure, solar panels, and external equipment.

FIG. 5A. is a front view of the module structural support member in its stowed position. FIG. 5B is a front view of the module structural support member in its deployed position.

FIG. 6 is a top view of modules #2 through #5, with truss structure, docking nodes, landers, and robotic arms.

FIG. 7A is a top view of the propulsion module, and FIG. 7B is a front view of the propulsion mounting plate.

FIG. 8 is a top view of the assembled spacecraft.

FIG. 9A is a top view of the assembled spacecraft with channeled shielding curtains attached to the truss structure. FIG. 9B is a front view of a portion of the channeled shielding curtain.

FIG. 10 is a top view of the robotic arms disconnecting the control module, the forward docking and airlock node, and the propulsion module.

FIG. 11 is a top view of the robotic arms mating the command module and docking assembly to the propulsion module, comprising the Crew-Return Vehicle. FIG. 11 also shows the remaining modules, support members, trusses, nodes, landers, and robotic arms that will remain at the destination orbit to serve as a space station.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Definition

The American Heritage Science Dictionary defines “Lagrangian Point” as “A point in space where a small body with negligible mass under the gravitational influence of two large bodies will remain at rest relative to the larger ones. In a system consisting of two large bodies (such as the Sun-Earth system or the Moon-Earth system), there are five Lagrangian points (L1 through L5). Knowledge of these points is useful in deciding where to position orbiting bodies” (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Lagrangian-point accessed May 24, 2017).

2. Best Mode of the Invention

FIG. 8 shows a top view of the fully-assembled spacecraft with channeled shielding curtains attached to the truss structure. FIG. 11 is a top view of the robotic arms mating the command module and docking and airlock node to the propulsion module to form a Crew-Return Vehicle, and the remaining modules, support members, trusses, nodes, landers, and robotic arms that will remain at the destination orbit to serve as a space station. Together these figures illustrate the best mode contemplated by the inventor, according to the concepts of the present invention.

3. How to Make the Invention

Pursuant to a prize competition or contract, a commercial space-mining company or other organization will hollow-out an asteroid with walls a minimum of 2 meters thick 4, and will transport the hollowed-out asteroid 4 to the Staging and Assembly area.

Launch vehicles will transport five expandable habitation modules 1 from the surface of the Earth to the Staging and Assembly area, with a mounting plate 5 and a sealing plate 2 attached to module #1, as shown in FIG. 2, and stowed structural support members 12 attached to both ends of modules #2 through #5.

The expandable module operator will maneuver Module #1 and the attached mounting plate 5 and sealing plate 2 so that the expandable module is beside the asteroid. The spacecraft assembly crew will remove the mounting plate 5 from module #1, and securely attach the mounting plate 5 to the inside of the hollow asteroid 4, as shown in FIG. 1.

The expandable module operator will then maneuver unexpanded module #1 so that it is firmly seated inside the mounting plate 5, and the sealing plate 2 is lined up so that the truss beams 3 can pass through the holes in the sealing plate 2. The assembly crew will then pass the trusses 3 through the sealing plate 2, and attach the sealing plate 2 so that it is flush with the outside of the asteroid, as shown in FIG. 1.

The spacecraft assembly crew will then dock and mate the forward docking and airlock node 17 to module #1, and attach the trusses that pass through the sealing plate 2 to the docking and airlock node 17, as shown in FIG. 7.

The expandable module operator will maneuver or initiate maneuver of modules #2 through #4, one at a time, so that module #2 docks and mates with the forward docking and airlock node 17, module #3 docks and mates with module #2, and module #4 docks and mates with module #3, as shown in FIG. 7.

The spacecraft assembly crew will then dock and mate the aft docking and airlock node 17 with module #4, and maneuver module #5 so that it docks and mates with the aft docking and airlock node 17, as shown in FIG. 7.

The expandable module operator will then pressurize each module, beginning with the control module, and then sequentially pressurizing modules #2 through #5.

Launch vehicles will transport to the Staging and Assembly area trusses 3, sensors 6, imaging cameras 7, communications equipment 8, attitude control thrusters 9, secondary solar arrays 11, spherical storage tanks 20, and components of the primary computer network 23 and secondary computer network 24.

As shown in FIG. 4B, the expandable module operator will then deploy the structural support members 12 that are attached to modules #2 through #5.

The spacecraft assembly crew will then attach trusses 3 to the deployed structural support members 12 on modules #2 through #5, as shown on FIG. 7. The assembly crew will also attach the trusses 3 to the aft docking and airlock node 17.

The assembly crew will then attach the secondary solar arrays 11 to the lower trusses in the asteroid truss superstructure, as shown in FIG. 4.

The assembly crew will then attach and install sensors 6, communications equipment 8, imaging cameras 7, attitude control thrusters 9, and spherical storage tanks 20.

A launch vehicle will transport the primary solar arrays 16 to the Assembly and Staging Area.

The assembly crew will then attach the primary solar arrays 16 to the lower trusses 3 adjacent to the junction of habitation modules #3 and #4, as shown in FIG. 8.

A launch vehicle will transport the propulsion module 19 and propulsion mounting plate 21, as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, to the Staging and Assembly area.

The spacecraft assembly crew will then maneuver the propulsion module 19 and propulsion mounting plate 21 so that the four trusses 3 attached to the module #5 structural support members 12 pass through the openings in the propulsion mounting plate 21. The assembly crew will then attach the four trusses 3 to the sides of the propulsion module 19, as shown in FIGS. 7A and 8.

The assembly crew will then install primary computer network 23 in the control module, and the secondary computer network 24 in Module #3. They will then install various software packages, wire the various systems together, power all of the systems, and test them. Each of the computer networks will be capable of controlling all of the spacecraft's systems, providing redundancy until the modules are separated during the process of docking and mating the elements of the Crew Return Vehicle. Thereafter, the primary computer network will control the Crew Return Vehicle, and the secondary computer network will control the remaining modules that remain in the destination orbit.

One or more launch vehicles will transport scientific equipment, experiments, food, water, and other supplies to the Staging and Assembly area.

The assembly crew will then load the equipment, experiments, and supplies into modules #1 through #5.

Finally, the spacecraft assembly crew will fuel the spacecraft. If chemical propulsion is used, liquid hydrogen and oxygen may be purchased from a commercial space mining and processing company, or purchased from the operator of a fuel depot at the Staging and Assembly area. The interplanetary spacecraft is now ready to embark upon a historic journey.

4. How to Use the Invention

The assembled spacecraft can be used to safely transport humans from Earth-Moon Lagrangian points L4 or L5 to deep-space destinations such as the Moon and Mars. During the flight through deep space, the crew and passengers will primarily inhabit the expandable control module #1 inside the asteroid 4, for maximum radiation protection.

Upon arrival at their destination, the crew and passengers can utilize the lander spacecraft 15 docked to the aft docking node 17 for short-term trips to neighboring celestial bodies, which might include the Moon, Phobos, Deimos, and/or Mars.

Owner/operators of the interplanetary spacecraft may offer a prize for, or execute a contract with a commercial space mining company or other organization to deliver an ice-bearing asteroid with attached in situ resource utilization (ISRU) equipment to the interplanetary spacecraft's destination orbit, prior to arrival of the interplanetary spacecraft. Either during transport from cislunar space, or at the destination orbit, the ISRU equipment can remove water from the asteroid and break it up into hydrogen and oxygen for use as rocket fuel for the Crew-Return Vehicle. In the alternative, the commercial mining company or other organization could mine and process the water at the asteroid's original location, and then deliver tanks of hydrogen and oxygen to the interplanetary spacecraft's destination orbit.

Upon completion of their work at the destination orbit, as shown in FIG. 10, the crew of the interplanetary spacecraft will use the forward robotic arm 18 and grapple fixtures 10 to detach from module #2 the asteroid 4 containing the control module 1 and the attached forward docking and airlock node 17. The crew will use the aft robotic arm 18 and grapple fixtures 10 to detach the propulsion module 19 and propulsion mounting plate 21 from module #5. As shown in FIG. 11, the crew will then use the robotic arms 18 and grapple fixtures 10 to maneuver and mate the propulsion module 19 and mounting plate 21 to the forward docking and airlock node 17, with attached asteroid 4 and control module 1. These three modules (asteroid/control module+docking and airlock node+propulsion module) will comprise a Crew-Return Vehicle that will return the crew to the Staging and Assembly area.

After mating the Crew-Return Vehicle modules, the crew will refuel the propulsion module, if the module includes chemical propulsion. The crew will then return to the Staging and Assembly area in the Crew-Return Vehicle.

A space capsule launched from Earth will rendezvous and dock with the crew-return vehicle at the Staging and Assembly area. The crew will then return to the Earth's surface in the capsule. The crew-return vehicle will remain at the Staging and Assembly area for use in future missions.

5. Examples of the Invention

Thus it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not restricted to the particular best mode embodiments described with reference to the drawings, and that variations may be made therein without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A human-crewed interplanetary spacecraft that is capable of being launched from an Earth-Moon Lagrangian point to an orbit around a celestial body such as the Moon or Mars, comprising: a hollowed-out asteroid with walls at least two meters thick; five expandable habitation modules, one of which (Module #1) is expanded inside the asteroid cavity and mated to a forward docking-and-airlock node which is described below, the opposite side of said forward docking-and-airlock node being docked and mated to Module #2, the opposite end of said Module #2 being docked and mated to Module #3, the opposite end of said Module #3 being docked and mated to Module #4, the opposite end of said Module #4 being docked and mated to the aft docking-and-airlock node, the opposite side of said aft docking-and-airlock node being docked and mated to Module #5, the opposite end of said Module 5# being mated to the propulsion mounting plate which is described below; two identical docking-and-airlock nodes that include an airlock at the zenith of the node, two docking ports that are compatible with the NASA Docking System/International Docking Standard, one on each side of the node, and two docking ports that are capable of docking and mating with the expandable modules, one on each end of the node, said docking and airlock nodes being docked and mated between habitation Modules #1 and #2 (forward docking-and airlock node), and between Modules #4 and #5 (aft docking-and-airlock node); A mounting plates that is affixed to the inside of the asteroid to support the forward end of Module #1; A mounting plate that is attached to the propulsion module which is described below, said mounting plate having four openings such that one truss can be passed through each opening, said trusses then being attached to the sides of the propulsion module; a sealing plate having four openings such that one truss can be passed through each opening, and an opening in the center that will support the aft end of Module #1, said sealing plate being affixed to the asteroid to seal the expandable Module #1 inside the asteroid; deployable structural support members that are mounted on the aft end of Module #1, and mounted on both ends of Modules #2, #3, #4, and #5; trusses similar or identical to those used on the International Space Station; two Mobile Transporter Carts, and the attached Mobile Remote Servicer Base Systems (MBS) similar or identical to those used on the International Space Station, said Mobile Transporter Carts and MBSs being attached to and capable of moving along rails attached to the upper trusses on the starboard side of the spacecraft; two robotic arms similar or identical to the International Space Station Canadarm 2, each of said robotic arms being attached to a Mobile Remote Servicer Base System, which in turn is supported by the Mobile Transporter Cart, said robotic arms and support systems being capable of moving along rails affixed to the spacecraft's upper truss structure on the starboard side of the spacecraft, thereby permitting the forward robotic arm to be positioned anywhere from the center of the spacecraft to the forward end of Module #2, and the aft robotic arm to be positioned anywhere from the center of the spacecraft to the aft end of Module #5; two dexterous end-effectors that can be attached to the ends of the robotic arms, similar or identical to the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM, also known as Dextre) used on the International Space Station; grapple fixtures attached to various points on the spacecraft that permit the robotic arms to attach to the grapple fixtures during spacecraft maintenance and operational activities, including without limitation, for the purposes of detaching from the spacecraft, docking, and mating, in respective order from forward to aft, the asteroid and control Module #1, the forward docking and airlock node, and the propulsion Module #6, to form a Crew Return Vehicle; two vehicles suitable for landing on the surface of celestial bodies that are docked to the port and starboard sides of the aft docking and airlock node; primary solar arrays that are attached to the lower trusses adjacent to the junction of habitation modules #3 and #4; secondary solar arrays that are attached to the lower trusses on the port and starboard sides of the asteroid superstructure; sensors, communications equipment, and cameras; a primary computer network that is installed in the control module and connected to all spacecraft systems; a secondary computer networks that is installed in Module #3 and connected to all spacecraft systems; spherical storage tanks that are attached to the rear trusses in the asteroid superstructure, and attached to the four trusses immediately forward of the propulsion mounting plate; attitude control thrusters mounted on the asteroid truss superstructure, and at various other points on the trusses as are necessary to maneuver the spacecraft; a propulsion module that incorporates the propulsion technology or technologies best-suited to accomplish the spacecraft's missions, mounted on the aft side of the propulsion mounting plate and affixed to the four trusses that pass through the mounting plate; and four channeled radiation-shielding curtains that are filled with pulverized asteroidal material and attached to the spacecraft trusses on all four sides of the spacecraft aft of the control module sealing plate.
 2. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein the expandable habitation modules can be docked and mated utilizing a transporter tug.
 3. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein the expandable habitation modules can autonomously dock and mate.
 4. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein some or all of the spacecraft assembly tasks are performed by robots.
 5. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein said spacecraft includes chemical propulsion.
 6. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein said spacecraft includes solar electric propulsion.
 7. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein said spacecraft includes beamed energy propulsion.
 8. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein said spacecraft includes solid-fuel booster rockets that are attached to the outside of the propulsion module and utilized as a supplemental form of propulsion to attain initial velocity, said booster rockets then being jettisoned after firing.
 9. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein said spacecraft includes a magnetic field generator that provides additional radiation shielding for the spacecraft and its crew.
 10. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein one habitation module includes greenhouse equipment suitable for growing plants.
 11. A modular interplanetary spacecraft according to claim 1, wherein one habitation module includes scientific equipment, equipment racks, benches, and specimen containers suitable for use as a laboratory. 